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With the possible exception of Ohio, no other state is more synonymous with aviation Connecticut. Inextricably linked to many of the world's most prestigious aircraft, engines, propellers and manufacturers and is promoted by people such as Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, Pratt and Whitney, Chance Vought, Avco Lycoming, Hamilton Standard, United Technologies and the community. Many of his valuable contributions can be seen visiting his interest in aviation.

National HelicopterMuseum

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Avco Lycoming located between Stratford and at one end of the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, on the other, and is located in the abandoned, 48 feet in length Railroad North East underground station, National Helicopter Museum traces the historical development of technology and rotary wing .

Idea of ​​Dr. Raymond E. Jankovich, a pediatrician, and Robert McCloud, founder of the newspaper The Stratford Bard, was designed in 1978 for hisHelicopter associated position and potential benefit to the city. The reality was cemented by a grant from Avco Lycoming.

Billing itself as the only museum as for airplanes, rotorcraft, and inaugurated in 1983 completely by volunteers, many of whom are former employees of Sikorsky to run and offers a chronological photo essay displays, models, and some sections, the cell working together in helicopter design from nature, the flight had tried traditionalto emulate the 21 Century.

The same helicopter traces its origins to fly on China tops already registered in the fourth century BC. Composed of short round stick, used "Blade helicopters" or shovel-like, with springs. Rotated back and forth and rubbed or pulled by a string, turned and bent lift generated sources, which rise vertically.

Leonardo da Vinci also made numerous sketches of gliders beating of wings,Parachutes and propellers with a load of people who have lives by ropes to force the air through which guide the theory "when the force to move faster than the air create escape without resistance, in the manner of compressed air this spring are compressed and crushed by the weight of a sleeper. And that has pushed the air resistance can be found in it a way to bounce a ball to hit a wall. "

The museum itself, "In the Beginning" displayillustrates these concepts early. It 'was the first rotary-wing boomerang on the top of the prehistoric and Chinese out there stranded Vinci, the first recorded design "helicopter".

His "first dreams" drawings from 1843, show is round, like a fan and side-by-side rotors, while those produced by Sir George Cayley was flat and forms a wing in flight.

The "Early Prophets" survey shows that the first successful ascent of a powered 40-foot altitude reached by a 20-secondFlight.

A 60-rotor helicopter, designed by Gustave Whitehead in 1911, appears in the collection "First Sikorsky", while the '"International Achievement" panel shows the period of evolution between 1930 and 1935.

Prof. EH Henrich, as evidenced by the "German dominance" panel, a new company for his dreams of designing a helicopter, after pursuing a lead designer Focke-Wulf, and did 28 seconds of flight June 26, 1936.

A mural with the title"The birth of the first flight" and was given by the Sikorsky plant is a brief chronology of his drawings, starting with the VS-300-V1 in 1942.

Motor development can be found from "The Revolution gas turbine." The steam engine, for example, has had to bear too much weight on the famous structural technology vertical lift, but the gasoline engine lighter, appear shortly after the turn-of-the-century building has been used ubiquitously. The engine relatively light, but powerful rotary wasused for experiments in 1920 by helicopter, the entire engine block rotates around a stationary crankshaft and thus the production of meaning, creates the flow of cooling air cylinder.

The "State of Art of Craft" survey reveals significant helicopter manufacturers, including Sikorsky, Bell, Hughes, Kaman, Piasecki, Boeing Vertol and Robinson, while half a dozen windows characteristic of rotary wing models.

Despite the small size of the museum, artifact, limitingDoor, shows a series of recent helicopter components. The main rotor of an S-58, for example, weight 110 pounds and measuring 28 feet from its center of rotation is seen near a Sikorsky S-76 assembly of the tail rotor blades. Avco Lycoming engines include a T800-APW-800 and a turbine T55-L-714, driven like designs like the Boeing CH-47 Chinook, Model 234, the MH-47E Chinook, and the model 360 also includes a RAH-66 " shadow "Commanche fly-by-wire test SikorskyMockup, and the cockpit section of a Sikorsky S-76 in utility / offshore-oil-configuration, the design has a hull length of 43.4 meters, a 44-foot diameter rotor and is 155 knots forward to achieve flight speed.

The museum offers a small but precious space through the rotary wing technology and history, which is often taken for granted in aerospace studies, but here in Stratford individually responsible for its existence can be explored.

New England Air Museum

The hotel is located in Windsor Locks nextBradley International Airport, the New England Air Museum, the largest such facility in the North East Aviation, presenting more than 80 aircraft, often focusing on air transport services in Connecticut, about 75,000 square meters of indoor exhibition space, which is divided in three hangars. His complete collection includes 125 cells and 200 engines.

The Hangar Military Show, for example - with a focus on pure-jets - the Republic of features such as aircraft 105BThunderchief, P-47D Thunderbolt Republic, North American F-86F Sabre, the F-14B Tomcat Grumman, Fairchild / Republic A-10A Thunderbolt II, and the North American F-100A Super Sabre.

His first design, a Sikorsky S-16 biplane, dates back to 1915. With a length of 19.33 meters and 26.25 meters wingspan, the fighter, with a 897-pound curb weight, resting on a gear wheel quad main landing gear wheel and tail area to facilitate smooth, and it was first with a propellerarc synchronized machine gun. Speed ​​has reached 74-mph speed limit.

World War II-era fighters, the Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat and Vought F4U-4 Corsair Connecticut, it wears proudly showed his classic inverted gull-wing and prop appear oversized. Example of the museum is the name of a famous naval pilot who fought in the Pacific Theater, "Pappy Boyington".

World War II bomber, as represented by the North American B-25H Mitchell, the high-wing,twin-engine medium-range aircraft that had served on all fronts with the Air Force, Navy, and several countries, including England, France, China and the Soviet Union, in the role of low-and middle-level bombers, submarine-patrol and traffic, and flew with the famous Doolittle Raid. The New England Air Museum is an example of this is the last surviving B-25H variant and the most widely used by the allied armed with a.75 mm cannon nose, eight forward-caliber machine facing.50Six.50 caliber weapons back, life and the tail turret-mounted machine guns.

Several rotorcraft including the UH-1B Bell Iroquois, the Kaman K-225, HH-43H and Kaman, complete the collection.

Harvey H. Lippincott, Civil Aviation Hangar shines with some rare gems.

Silas H. Brooks, the balloon basket, for example, is both the oldest survivor of a trash can and lighter than air craft in the world. Brooks, of Plymouth, Connecticut, built andflew his balloon over Hartford and New Haven, a five meters long, 200-pound-hosted wicker basket made in about 1870 Today you can see in a glass case at the entrance of the building.

Another piece of pioneer, built a replica of a Curtiss Pusher Model D biplane 1912 Howard Bunce, the museum is the oldest surviving aircraft which are heavier and one that was on the ground were born Connecticut.

The result of his multiple inspections Model D, it first appeared on paperlike his sketches before going into details, and then assembled, a non-standard four-cylinder, air-cooled Nels J. Nelson, New Britain, Connecticut led constructed sublimated. Although there are only a few meters above the ground had risen and then crashed to the exhibition in Berlin because of inadequate performance, lent itself to a second copy in the form of parts cannibalized, and this example, discovered in a barn in 1962 were made by the museum with an exhibition of 30 hp KempI-4 engine.

Other projects include a pioneering monoplane Bleriot XI from 1909 and a special Nixon in 1918.

Another part of the lighter than air craft on display is a Goodyear ZNP-K self-control by a K-28 non-rigid airship in 1942, and two floors with A representing Gee Bee Model 1930 A, 1930 A Laird LC-DW 300 solution, and A 1933 Viking "Kitty Hawk" Model B-8.

Two historically significant aircraft of the first piston are also visible.

The first of these, the Lockheed 10AElectra is a low-wing twin-engine, ten passengers, rear wheel drive design that the manufacturer was the first all-metal cell, and formed the basis for the largest L-14 and L-18 Lodestar. The museum, for example, with serial number 1052, was initially the U.S. Navy was delivered in 1936 for use as staff transport.

The second, just two engines, aircraft wheels tail, the Douglas DC-3, which produces the massive, multi-role military and civil design,For the first time the supplier to generate a profit only in the transport of passengers and has revolutionized the airline industry. Dubbed "one of the four most important weapons of the Second World War" by General Eisenhower, or the layers of the sky more than three quarters of a century after it first took it.

Museum's DC-3, with over 53400 hours in the air, his log book, with different capacities, first served in a military role as a transport C-47 and then in a spotwith Eastern Airlines, Purdue University, and a series of small carriers.

Center and flagship of the hangar for aviation, however, is both the largest cell in him and the only surviving example of Connecticut-Sikorsky VS-designed and built Excambrian 44A. One of three in 1942 for the American Export Airlines non-stop transatlantic routes, the high wing, four-engine, long-range aircraft flying boat hull with a 79.25 meters long, 124 meters arc completed and57 500 pounds gross weight was obtained for the war operations, passenger and cargo priority among Army and Navy contracts before serving with some charter airlines. Damage has resulted in his 1968 collection service.

Broke from the Gulf of Mexico in Bridgeport, has undergone a restoration by the team of Sikorsky employees who had been instrumental in its original construction.

Today the plane, draped in its original American Export AirlinesLivery, bristles with a first glance work rolls.

Another handy and only 58 in this case the heart Bomb Wing Memorial Hangar is the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the hangar, even after the wing, which he called decisive Japanese defeat in World War II. The stylish silver, 135,000 pounds, four-engine, 3250 miles bomber extends 99 feet long and features a 141.25-meter wingspan, and carries 11 crew members. Drop the atomic bomb on Japan, has completed the finalCurtain on the Pacific theater.

Out there, ready to passengers as expected, Sud-Aviation Caravelle SE.210, is the world's first short-range, pure-jet airliner. With the nose section was originally developed for the de Havilland Comet, swept low, low-wing, triangular window of the front passenger, two aft-mounted Rolls Royce Avon, as well as a tail-Cross of Lorraine, the plane as elegant as the basis Most later served bioreactor configurations, such as the British AircraftGroup-BAC-111, the McDonnell-Douglas DC-9, Fokker F.28 and the Fellowship. Two hundred and eighty Caravelles all versions were built.

He donated Operated by United Airlines, Sterling Airways of Denmark, and small package carrier Airborne Express, found the way to the museum after his support them.

Apart from the air the New England Air Museum, several thematic exhibitions, which showcase some of the contributions Connecticut aviation, including "History ofSikorsky Aircraft "," Lafayette Squadron "," AVG Flying Tigers "," leaflet Tuskegree "and" History of the Pratt and Whitney. "There is also a theater aviation pioneer.

Days open cockpit, computer simulators, tours, speakers, special events, workshops, educational programs, a research library and a significant aviation Wings' n Things gift shop complete their offer.

Sikorsky Memorial Airport

The roots of the grass-covered slope area of ​​Avon, who hadfirst experiment was in favor of planes and had hosted the first air shows in the country in 1911, Sikorsky Memorial Airport, a public facility in Stratford, later known as "Field Mollison" 1933 crashed after landing there by Captain Jim Mollison, during his Transatlantic attempt.

Despite his position had been renamed "Bridgeport Municipal Airport" four years later, when the town of Bridgeport had even bought.

Because of the prevalence of ConnecticutManufacturers of engines and aircraft, had as part of the "arsenal of democracy" during World War II and was later renamed "Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Airport" in 1972 in honor of the man who transformed the city was the birthplace of ' helicopter, and whose work was largely responsible for the expansion.

Today, its facilities include a passenger terminal with check-in, three doors, a restaurant and car rental, general aviationTerminal, hangars and a private two-lane landing - 0.677 4-foot Runway 6 / 24 and 4761 meters of runway 11/29. There is also a 40 - by 40-foot helipad.

Progressive Suspension Service will hold three regional airlines, including Continental Connection, in 1994, Delta Connection, in 1997, and U.S. Airways Express in 1999, because the current takeoff runway lengths and more profitable operations prohibited, even if he had planned commercial rotary wing service was back after seven yearsRange of U.S. helicopter with its roots back to the operation of helicopters from downtown New York City heliport. Wiggins Airways, FedEx and courier supply goods to the field.

During the period of 12 months to 28 February 2007 recorded 77 617 Sikorsky Memorial Airport operations and had 241-based aircraft, of which 72 percent were single-engine, 11 percent were multi-engine turbine were 15 percent and two percent have been turnedWing.

Completion

Contributions Connecticut rotorcraft and fixed rich, engine and propeller, aircraft, whose seeds have been planted by some of the best names, visit Earn a tributary of the many related sites.

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The McDonnell Douglas MD-11

I

The McDonnell-Douglas MD-11, determines the successor to his previous DC-10 and the third widebody tri-jets for the same DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, has its origins at General Electric and Pratt & Whitney competition for a motor for the C-5A Galaxy military transport aircraft Lockheed, high bypass turbofan engines in the first report, while the DC-10, the result of American Airlines for a 250-'1966 pasenger transcontinentalPlane was in five basic versions, including the DC-10 to 10, the DC-10 to 15 were built, the DC-10 to 30, which has made DC-10 to 40, and the KC-10 Extender crucial production runs from 446 exceeded the costs of the program at times had the merger with McDonnell Douglas Aircraft, producer of military aircraft, necessary to ensure the survival of the company and its aircraft.

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Douglas design studies for both narrow and widebody aircraft powered by the successor of high bypassTurbofan, and up to 150 passengers, were so far back as the late 1970 began. Although no definitive aircraft program was, in the event, brought to life, the detailed market analysis, proving, along with new technology research and later as useful in predicting the final shape. Activate the 60 orders for the KC-10 had the basic Douglas DC-10 production line for longer than you would if it were based solely on commercial jobs to maintain, thus delaying the need for a replacement. Butbecause it would be according to his counterpart of the previous generation, which could give it definition and design phase much faster than the later, competing Airbus A-340 and Boeing 777 in front, the first of these aircraft in the market and development of an existing DC - 10 customers for the sales potential.

Unlike the piano, but - the five basic versions had the same length of the fuselage cross-section and divided - the planned successor to 1979, characterized by a 40-foot boatNavigation with a capacity of 340 passengers mixture of class, three General Electric CF6-50J turbofan producing 54,000 pounds of thrust, strengthened wings and a 630 000 pounds total.

The resulting DC-10 to 60, stretched parallel to the first, long-range DC 8-60 series, had a 75-person increase from the DC-10 Air New Zealand and Swissair, have been targeted as potential customers launch offer, but use the existing wing was severely eroded the capacity andFive-foot extensions that reduce fillet with a new wing and aileron gust loads coupled active, had greatly improved. In fact, revised the trailing edge flaps and a tailcone increased over 24 percent on fuel that had the DC-10 and took his seat mile was less than that of the four-engine Boeing 747

To start the program, scheduled for the year 1979, Douglas had to go through further definition is the version with the name "DC-10 to 61", "DC-10-62 has been stolen" and "DC-10 to 63 "was even closer, the DC-8 to 61, 62 and DC-8 DC-8-63 resist nomenclature. The DC-10 to 61, had been determined, such as a home version with the 40-foot fuselage stretch and a 390-passenger capacity, and had driven 60,000 pound thrust engines. The DC-10 to 62, with a reduced, enter fuselage 26.7 meters, was very large-scale operations are expected to increase with a 14 meter wingspan, flaps and active four-wheel main landing gear of the central unit. It 'wasshould take about 40 passengers in less than -61, -63, while the distinctive design has combined the two, leading to a high capacity, long-range variant.

A series of intermittent DC-10 accidents none of which are inherent design flaws were, together with the prevailing economic downturn, has been ruled out other Super DC-10 development at this time, although one of its functions, including embedded in its successor, was on a Continental Airlines flight testedDC-10-10 in August 1981. Winglets, which extends both above and below the tip of the wings and in different sizes, extract was created in a three percent fuel savings by an equal decrease.

So worn only by the MD-80 sales, led the Douglas Aircraft Company of recession. Projected to replace DC-10 that had an MD-11X-10 designation in 1984 and provides much more support than the original Super 60 series, was most likely the DC-10 to 30 with a base580,000-pound maximum takeoff weight, at 6,500 nautical miles range at full load and has three General Electric CF6-80C2 or Pratt and Whitney PW4000 engines. A higher capacity version to be offered in parallel with the basic design was a 22.3 meter fuselage stretch, characterized enough to carry 331 to allow mixed-class passengers to more than 6,000 miles and had a corresponding gross weight of 590 000 pounds. American, Delta, Lufthansa, and Toa Domestic Airlines, considering this iterationsuggested refinements, the final later the plane was built.

The following year, authorized the Executive Committee to ask, even if both versions at the time, featured the same fuselage length, the medium-range variant, with a gross weight of 500,000 pounds, offers a range of 4781 miles, and counterpart a long-range 590 000 pounds gross weight, offers a range of 6900 miles. Absorption around 335 passengers in a typical mix, whichintroduced composite construction, two-man cockpit and an advanced electronic system for the flight.

To start at the time of the official program, which was 30 in December 1986 were 92 orders and options for Alitalia, British Caledonian, Federal Express, Korean Air, SAS, Swissair, Thai Airways International and Varig down.

The MD-11 had for the first time three years later, in September 1989 in Long Beach, Calif., rolled and N111MD registered,was without its engines, winglets, vertical stabilizer and coloring, but showed the logo of the 29 customers who have ordered or had an option on the way this time. Since these areas were added later, but he wore a close resemblance to the DC-10 to 30, from which it was derived.

Equipped with a 18.6 meter span the plane, obtained with the help of two pins fuselage, holding his nose and cockpit sections, but has led a long, drag reduction,tailcone chisel-shaped, and has provided a total length of 201.4 meters, if installed engines with General Electric, or a length of 200.11 meters with Pratt & Whitney.

The two beams Douglas wing, built to the ribs in the direction of the rope and leather and spanwise reinforcement, characterized by a 169.6-meter wingspan, 35 degrees to sweep the string quarter and six degrees of V shape, making the 7 , 9 aspect ratio and a 3648 - square-meter area. Low-speed lift was new, full-span slats Augmentedand newly designed double-slotted flaps out of the board, while the shot from inside the control, all-speed metal wings with composite skins and outboard motors, low speed ailerons, flaps hanging with the trailing edge during take-off was delivered, and were built entirely of composite material. Each wing consists of five panels contain spoilers.

Fuel in the wing tanks will be transported integrated, was 40 183 U.S. gallons.

Fins running up and down the wingtips installed themselves hadprovided the greatest distinction, the DC-10. The use of drag-producing otherwise Eddy differential pressure created by mixing wing, had a seven meters high, upward-angle section of a conventional rib and spar covers were made, but completely covered by an alloy of aluminum and the skin by a carbon fiber trailing edge and a 2.5-meter section downward angle entirely in carbon fiber, comprising a total area of ​​40 square meters.

Because of the increased moment arm andControlled by the computer software increased longitudinal stability of the MD-11 had a horizontal stabilizer 30 percent smaller than the DC-10 and were characterized by a full tank of 2,000 liters American Trim, which increases area and facilitated in-flight optimized center of gravity. Its advanced, rounded wings, and reduced, 33-degree sweep with an electro-mechanical-activated variable incidence tailplane with two pieces, carving, along with composite trailing edge lifts installed on each side,led to a reduction of 1,900 pounds of structural weight and drag was in flight.

The Force is with three £ 62 000 General Electric CF6-80C2 thrust or 60,000 pounds of thrust Pratt and Whitney PW4462 turbofan high bypass ratio, which had two pylon at the front edge of the underside of the wing and installed one of which was provided in the fin behind the fin torsion box. Its roots date originally developed on 41,000 pounds of thrust for the TF39 engine LockheedC-5A Galaxy, the first was developed in the quieter, more advanced CF-6 are intended for commercial operations and 40,000 pounds of thrust CF6-6D provided the domestic DC-10 to 10, while the 48,000-pound thrust CF6 - 50C had the DC-powered intercontinental 10-30, 747 with the Airbus A-300 and some versions of Boeing's most advanced CF6-80A has been chosen to power the A-310 and 767

The inclusion of the CF-6 core, with a larger, 93-inch, two waves fan, the CF6-80C2Supply of MD-11 had offered 17-percent more thrust, and had a bypass ratio of 5.05. In combination with a system of authority digital engine control, which had autothrottle management interface and electronic flight system provided, the turbofan had offered reduced fuel consumption.

Pratt and Whitney PW4060 Alternatively, the reduced length of the aircraft, is to reduce the total length of five centimeters, the only other customer was an option. The Rolls-Royce Trent RB.211 524l, shortlylisted as the third alternative was provided by Air Europa for 18 firm and optioned his orders, but the financial collapse of parent company had dropped its offer continued.

The hydraulically operated, tricycle landing gear, as the DC-10 to 30, had a twin wheels in the future withdrawal of the nose together drives, two quads, side retractable main landing gear trucks and a collection of two-wheeled future, Hull strut midline, which had characterizedoleo-pneumatic shock absorbers.

The MD-11 cockpit, significantly different from the DC-10, was managed by a team of two people, the position of third or flight engineer will be replaced with digital avionics and flight control systems and computerized management, while the air control system, or ASU, had five independent dual-channel machines, which included all its former functions have been automated.

The passenger cabin is designed for flexibility, had installed homeKitchen, bathroom and closet installation clothing for car-length tracks, of which one-inch increments facilitates multiple configurations and densities, and rapid rearrangements, causing a sort of carrier to operate scheduled flights on weekdays and weekends during the high functions -density/charter. Compared to the DC-10-cabin, the MD-11 also on the sidewalls and lightweight seats, better lighting, larger, newly designed luggage compartments, which tripledpassenger numbers to three cubic meters, the level of the central tank behind the second door, and providing beds for crew rest on the head.

A typical two-class configuration were 323-passengers, 34 six abreast seats in class the first time to follow a 41 - to 42-inch and 289 step by step with nine seats in economy class in a 33 - to 34-inch step, three-class configuration, while six had 16 seats in the step by step premium 60-inch, 56 business class seats seven abreast in a 38-inch pitch and 221 containnine seats abreast in economy class, 32-inch step. Maximum capacity, side by side in ten, three, 4-3 configuration, were 409

The MD-11, 114 100 kilos with a load limited, a weight 500 602 kg maximum take-off was. Record 298 three-class passengers, had offered a range of 6840 miles nautical, including the FAA minimum reserve.

First shot into the sky January 10, 1990 from Long Beach, the MD-11 had run stability and control samples at Edwards AirForce Base, reaching a maximum altitude of 25,000 feet and 300 knots before the completion of a successful two-hour, 56 minute maiden flight. Three hundred fifteen contracts and options are designed for the road to get to this point.

The certification program, the four General Electric CF6-80C2 and a Pratt and Whitney PW4460-powered cell result had notched tri-jet several commercial recordings, including a flight of 9,080 miles from Anchorage, Alaska, on July 31, 1990, withThe fourth prototype, the increase for 16 hours, 35 minutes left.

The type certificate was November 8, for the CF6-80C2-powered version, and December 19 has reached the PW4460 aircraft, while the minimum height was given for Category IIIB landing next April.

II

Finnair, the first type of customers had registered their first aircraft, OH-LGA, at a ceremony in Long Beach November 29, 1990, and a representative of the intercontinental sector, with overThis plan was two years later, in October 1992.

Founded on 1 November 1923 by Bruno L. Lucander, the private carrier, then called "Aero E / Y", was on duty opened the following March in Tallinn, Estonia with Junkers F.13 aircraft before in Stockholm, with a stopover in Turku, in collaboration with the Swedish ABA . Finnish domestic development path, because the country had a lot of lakes, water, aircraft equipment required, althoughAfter construction of airports-1936 De Havilland Dragon biplane two active rapids and then had two Junkers Ju.52/3ms purchase.

Abolished shortly after World War II air suspension of the mandate, the airline was younger, now 70 percent owned by the state and renamed the "Aero E / Y End Air Lines," had restored their Helsinki-Stockholm area and has DC made nine 3-fatty acids.

The 1950 through the expansion of route network and modern continental, characterized Convair 340 aircraft acquisitions, hadtaken in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, London and Moscow into a constantly growing hub of Helsinki flight, and the species has been replaced by the slightly higher capacity Convair 440

The MD-11, powered by General Electric CF6 engines and 80C2D1F configured for 58 Business Class and 278 Economy Class passengers, had been ordered to replace the DC-10-30-years, and for the first time on the Helsinki- Tenerife path used in the December 29, 1990, collecting first operational experience before the transferin North America and Far East sectors for which they were intended.

His two MD-11 Helsinki and the Helsinki-Tokyo-Bangkok-Singapore routes had operated, while the DC-10-30 had continued to serve New York and Beijing areas.

The first, after Japan had 4862 miles and stretches meant nine hours, 35 minutes block of time, and was the first MD-11 operated to enter passenger service, OH-LGA.

The tall, dense trees surrounded Helsinki VantaaInternational Airport, still in their hands fall, yellow and gold appeared, distributed as a biting, swirling wind of 30 degrees on the geometric model of the snow, ramps, taxiways and runways. The Goliath, blue-trimmed Finnair MD-11 tri-jet, currently the only wide-body dusted asphalt white through a series of narrow-body DC-9, MD-80 twin jets and 737-300 was accompanied towed to port -4 to 30 minutes before the scheduled departure time in 1620 in the middle of the afternoon, decreasingNordic light.

The MD-11 is a two-man cockpit, a radical departure from the DC-10, was six to eight square inch cathode ray tube (CRT), display glass, duplicated primary flight display (PFD), Navigation Display (ND together), engine and alert display (EAD), and display systems (SD) circuit diagrams, while the automatic controller, which is located on the head in the panel sections for plumbing, electrical, pneumatic and fuel were who controlled each of the two dividedindependent computers. The flight control panel (FCP) itself, Glare Shield on the control panel (GCP) is also the commands for the autopilot and flight director mode selection, as well as change how the flight management controls system, including the speed (SPD), navigation (NAV) and profile (PROF).

The exceptional trans-Siberian origin and destination, weight, moments, take flight plan, initiate and track (04), and do the math performance, resulting fromReload list compiled for the station, was similar Multifunction Control Display Unit keyboard (MCDU) in the center console between the two drivers is included. The flight is a standard instrument departure (SID) was later in the flight management system, inertial reference system to be loaded during initialization.

The number three engine, the first to be started and had most of the source involved with an air vent by pulling the switch to start the engine, the valve beginsThe shift in the open position, as verified by a confirmation amber light. If the N2 compressor speed was 15 per cent is reached, the start lever has been moved to start the "on" position and the motor switch, which corresponds to a temperature of exhaust gas (EGT) between 45 - and had appeared in 52 percent started now closed and valve disilluminating the yellow light. The N1 engine tachometer had settled at 23 percent and their exhaust gas temperature had risen to 700 degrees Fahrenheit mark. TheSequence was then repeated for the other two jets, followed by the completion of ". After start checklist"

Tug-maneuvered by its nose into the parking position, the MD-11, the flight AY 914, its autonomous movement, with an almost imperceptible development of gas injection, the test surfaces and flight control instructions to Ground Taxi Vantaa.

Browse the snow-patch, bordered taxiways blue light in the darkness virtual made cumbersome Tri-Jet A04 turn 180 degrees on the track steering wheel also through their nose, the nose wheel is positioned as far behind the cockpit that the plane was on the center line has been scanned before it is actually a turn was initiated there, whose body length and breadth of the following output mode. Expected full ten degrees rudder steering on the ground, while the nose wheel up to 70 percent capacity right and left later.

Getting offGame, had the MD-11, sports 25 degrees of trailing edge flaps in initial acceleration as chokes, manually advanced to the 70 percent point, its diameter fed huge General Electric jet engines with a constant flow Fuel boomed, as their ingestion of large amounts of cold air with anyone, fan speed faster. PILOT AUTO button on the control panel and engaging the autothrottle aircraft flying in the correct computer-controlledRemove thrust setting, along with engine automatic synchronization.

Lift-leveraged in a nose-disengagement rotation, led to the tri-jet with the purple, snowflake-dimming twilight, his heavy fuel load operation to cut a wing tip curved bending stress and the wing leading light rays through the darkness as she climbed on board for about 15 track and field stains easily represented in Helsinki. Portraying her tricycle landing gear, the aircraft, its bar area had noticedits correct position was to go up, are automatically maintained in a standard instrument departure, of course.

Arcs in a surface of the right bank of the coast, flying 914 retracted the trailing edge flaps, slats extended even though he had his left to accumulate extra speed. The commitment of the navigation mode is activated to fly the plane to its base profile, while activation of the automatic flight control system, coupled with ensuring the "NAV" and "PROF" keys, which have followed their path,get out radially and is assigned by air traffic control or level-off altitude. Speed ​​was maintained at 250 knots at 10,000 feet, when it was speeded up to 355 or beyond, and the front edge lights were retracted.

Overcoming one of the many cloud deck, the aircraft crossed the Gulf of Finland, whose face was dark purple on the horizon by a diffuse band of light chartreuse separately. Increasingly shrouded in the howling wind,passed through the coast of the former Soviet Union with a speed-472 knots ground, south-west of St. Petersburg in the air drawn from the black sky, which was characterized by a thin line, bright orange the western horizon, is now behind the tip of the left wing, as might be determined in its first, 33,000 feet high plateau with a 509-knot ground speed, the Urals and Siberia.

The interior, fantasy sports diagonal, light and dark blue upholstery, had six rows of seven to appear next to each other,2-3, two business-class configured on the front, followed by another three seconds behind the crossing corridor. Economy class seats, side by side in every ten, three, 4-3, disposition, had nine rows behind the business class and 21 contained in the aft cabin, between the third and fourth gears Cross.

Dinner in the second, after its menu in two languages, English and Japanese (which was in October of 1992, ironically in the flight profile of a featureA crab and seafood salad on a bed of mushroom salad with prawns, cucumber slices and cherries, Finnair DC-10-30's), had a selection of appetizers, beer, wine and soft with lightly salted peanuts and almonds Smoked served include tomatoes, a basket of warm white bread with butter and corn Finnish, mango, beef or chicken in a sauce of coconut cream curry, French Camembert cheese with crackers, rye crisp, with raspberry mousse cake, coffee or tea Japan, a selectionLiqueurs after dinner mints and hot towels.

Maintain a speed of 567-knot ground the MD-11 penetrated the least-62-DEGREE tropopause in three first-degree nose-high attitude Tundra more south-east of Archangel on the ice of Siberia with 7 hours and 30 minutes in the plane of the end flight. Decreasing cloud cover appears as a coating film, reveals regular orange and white, Province of beads moving continuously represented in the protruding, diameter of massive turbo fanwhich prompted him to Adak, and from there south of Naryan-Mar

Oblivious to passengers delayed or creates the upper and lower wings, otherwise wing differential pressure vortex mixing, reducing the resistance, were activated during the tailplane trim tank located the aircraft to move its focus back to its 34 - percent design limit aft, further reducing drag and fuel consumption by 2.7 per cent overlap. The boy was operated in a standard 29 - to 32 percentArea.

Plan flight 914 flight progress, indicated by a number of positions and velocity readings on the ground, was the result of the position and speed optimization IRU VHF omnidirectional radio range with (VOR) and Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Stations between Finland and Japan. The Flight (F-PLN) was displayed on the MCDU selected the location of the aircraft and waypoints on the screen is vertically aligned with the schedule next to them, along with the speed andHeight, in the "Position", "Head Over Time" (ETO), "Speed" (SPD), and "flight level" (ALT). Estimate

Moving on to Irkutsk, the mountain range and pulled the plane Yabblonovyy Tsitisihar always eastward, toward Vladivostok.

Slice the darkness and the opening towards the East, the razor light of dawn pierced thrown on the eastern horizon with a thin section of an orange off the port wing had somehow to emphasize the nature of the planet on which the cylindrical tri -jetcurrent arc. "Tomorrow", apparently eager to unleash his power flowed through the progressive widening gap marks the dividing line between the 24-hour cycle has two modes, intensify the light and the transformation of black, nocturnal doom of Siberia, a cold, dark purple in the living and final, pre-dawn blue. The amount of humanity in the light as you wake up later in the great desert was undoubtedly low. The sun appears, a red, immersed in liquid mercurya gray-black sea, slowly, he triumphed at night, to distinguish its top edge, as its head, says timidly the rest of his body, illuminating the ice-covered, cardboard crust roller coaster in the area immediately below the fuselage. First appearance in a dark brown swim in the ocean, were distinguished separately, as the sun reached its stream of light rays, such as the arts to them.

About twenty driving, copper-reflective rivers, the flight 914consumes 2 hours, 11 minutes before closing the flight plan.

Kitchen aromas of coffee attracted groggy, mostly sleeping passengers from nocturnal sleep in the cabin, a process called partial earlier breakfast, complete with scented bath. The food itself was orange juice, three eggs omelet stuffed with spinach, ham slices stored Danish, cakes, cherry Switzerland, Finnish string cheese fondue, and coffee pods or containTea.

Banking on a south-easterly direction with the help of his inner ailerons, the MD-11 has had for almost the entire duration of the cruise, Soviet airspace was dusted with snow, chocolate-colored crest on top of which had been carefully pasture for funnel cloud of vapor to follow them to the coast and the morning sun reflects copper surface of the Sea of ​​Japan. One hour, 23 minutes remained in Tokyo.

Suspended motionless above the glassy surface of the water surfaceWe cruise past the summit of Mount Fuji Silver, now in maintaining a near-south, 180 ° position. Patch cumulous bank left over, he completed his last ring forged in Japan, with its time-to-target with a 40 th minute.

The ridges appeared before the definition of Honshu.

Tokyo was reporting clear skies and temperatures of 20 degrees Celsius.

Drive along the coast of Niigata, the MD-11 had reached a position directly north west of its destination, with 25Minutes remaining on schedule, the aerial platform for the first time in nearly nine hours through the cabin-selected "NAV" and "PROF" ways.

Induced in a nose down, Slipstream-raising descent profile, the flight 914 followed the coast, shortly before moving across the Pacific whitecapped, now in a series of three right bank ATC vector. Performed automatically reduces the speed of the aircraft at 250 knots 10,000 feet as the speed was passedLimitation, compliance with its standard path terminal arrival (STAR) recorded followed by three huge fan tachometer N1 turbo which was almost stationary, led 34-percent reading.

An air traffic control required speed reduction to 200 knots, was on the tape speed, a first output edge flap extension to 15 degrees required.

When the plane of brown, tan, sank, and green patterned farmland on the final approach direction of 340 degrees, the captainhad chosen to approach / land brick, the auto-land system for an instrument landing system (ILS) approach to capture armed and ready, the glideslope and localizer. The approach from the side of the MCDU, so landing weight, start-off and landing, air pressure and final readings of the flap speed setting, the following listed for RJAA, the ICAO four-letter code for Tokyo-Narita : a 208-knot speed "clean", a 158-node flap extension speed in the 28 ° position, a 161-knot speed when approaching with 35 degrees of flaps, a158-knot speed V reference and a touchdown from 150 knots.

Sporting significantly with wing slats and 35 degrees of flap extension output board, has increased the blue-trimmed Finnair MD-11, projected his tricycle landing gear extended on all fours, he conducted his final approach on the outskirts of Narita in the morning perfectly blue , crossing the start and runway threshold. Sinking to the concrete, during which the amount has been computer-generated, theWidebody tri-jet was seven degrees nose-high flare delay their authothrottle launched 50 feet into neutral and the child's contact with the main landing pad downforce. In the reverse thrust mode manually strangled, had its upper wing surface spoilers that unleashed his grip from the retraction (RET) has been set to "move 2 / 3," from the "third" and sign "FULL" on the plane decelerated. The nose wheel hit the ground.

Taxiing to four satellite NaritaInternational Airport, South Wing, pulled the plan in its park position door 44 to 0855 local time, ending his field intercontinental flight and completing the circular pattern of nose-in wide-body commercial, Austrian Airlines A-310- 300, a plane in Japan includes lines 747-200B, a British Airways 747-400, ANA 747-200B, a Northwest 747-200B, and a Swissair MD-11.

III

MD-11 was the first service is not always so routine. In fact, the aircraft had shown grossWeight and air resistance increases performance in excess of projections, which replaced defects in payload and range, and Robert Crandall, then American Airlines CEO, had refused to take delivery of the species, the existing DC-10 30-San Jose-Tokyo route for which it was intended. A series of performance improvement packages (PIPs) to promote the defects had, in short, the situation will be resolved.

By January 1, 1996, had delivered 147 MD-11-24 original customersand operators who shared the plane in a load of 11.6 hours each day he was hired experienced a 98.3 per cent punctuality and reliability.

Been done in addition to the initial passenger MD-11, some other versions, but in very limited quantities were.

The MD-11 Combi had, for example, one rear, left, with its top-opening cargo door and allows different percentages of passengers, 168 to 240, and goods, from 4 to 10 pallets, are performed on the main deck,while the lower deck space remained unchanged. With a 900-pound payload 144 light weight, the plane had a maximum range of 5180-6860 nm.

The MD-11CF Convertible Freighter had characterized the main deck door moved to the front, left side. Martinair Holland, launch customer for the variant in August 1991 had placed four firm orders plus an option for the type.

The MD-11F with a payload of 202 100 pounds, was a pure freighter-passenger withoutWindows or internal structures of FedEx ordered, while the MD-11er extended range, launched in February 1994, a 3000 U.S. gallon fuel capacity runs up the lower deck fuel tanks, 6,000 pounds more payload high, 480 miles had a longer range and characterized a new maximum takeoff weight of 630,500 pounds. World Airways, the selection of Pratt & Whitney PW4462 engine and Garuda Indonesia, indicating their General Electric CF6-80C2 party, had given the order to launch.

DecreaseSales, the result of deficiencies of the original performance was damaging the reputation of American Airlines' public criticism, order cancellations, and the competing Airbus A-340 and Boeing 777, McDonnell-Douglas forced to write down $ 1, 8 million for the program in 1996 and the following year, after the McDonnell-Douglas merged with Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, it was impossible to continue production. The original Douglas Aircraft Company, Building 84,The airport is located in Long Beach and incubators-stop shop for all McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and MD-11 widebody tri-jets had dropped its last MD-200 and 11, a Lufthansa Cargo freighter in June 2000, and the plane towed across the street into a catwalk, was titled "The perfect end to a perfect moment."

The entire production was 131 MD-11P passenger versions, five MD-11C Combi, six MD-11CF Convertible Freighter, 53 MD-11F freighters and five MD-11er pure advanced contentVariants of the range.

The figures added, built around 446 AD-10 from 1971 to 1988, for a total of 646 tri-jet has been made out.

Although McDonnell Douglas stretched more, with new engines and successor rewinged MD-11 as "MD-12s," including a two-story, four engines had studied A-380-like configuration, had exceeded its ambitious proposals, the value of the producers themselves, and if Taiwan Aerospace had withdrawn financial support forfinal version of a tri-jet design with a wing forward, the three widebody aircraft engine was returned, which trace their origins to the original DC-10, finally ended, so that the growing number of passengers to be converted cells cargo planes contribute to their family trees in the early 21 century.

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